University of Louisville Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

The University of Louisville is a public university with an acceptance rate of 72%. Located three miles from downtown Louisville, the University of Louisvilles mission is to be Kentuckys premier, nationally recognized metropolitan research university. With 12 schools and colleges, and over 200 degree programs, Louisville enrolls students from all 50 states and over 94 countries. In athletics, the Louisville Cardinals compete in the NCAA Division I  Atlantic Coast Conference. The mens and womens basketball teams have met with particular success. Considering applying to the University of Louisville? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, the University of Louisville had an acceptance rate of 72%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 72 students were admitted, making Louisvilles admissions process somewhat competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 13,851 Percent Admitted 72% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 29% SAT Scores and Requirements The University of Louisville requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 17% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 540 640 Math 530 650 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Louisvilles admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to the University of Louisville scored between 540 and 640, while 25% scored below 540 and 25% scored above 640. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 530 and 650, while 25% scored below 530 and 25% scored above 650. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1290 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at the University of Louisville. Requirements The University of Louisville does not require the SAT writing section or SAT Subject tests. Note that Louisville does not superscore SAT results; your highest composite SAT score will be considered. ACT Scores and Requirements Louisville requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 99% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 22 31 Math 21 28 Composite 22 29 This admissions data tells us that most of Louisvilles admitted students fall within the top 37% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to the University of Louisville received a composite ACT score between 22 and 29, while 25% scored above 29 and 25% scored below 22. Requirements Note that Louisville does not superscore ACT results; your highest composite ACT score will be considered. Louisville does not require the ACT writing section. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA of University of Louisvilles incoming freshman class was 3.62, and over 50% of admitted students had average GPAs of 3.75 and above. These results suggest that most successful applicants to Louisville have primarily A grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph University of Louisville Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to the University of Louisville. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances The University of Louisville, which accepts nearly three-quarters of applicants, has a somewhat selective admissions process. If your SAT/ACT scores and GPA fall within the schools average ranges, you have a strong chance of being accepted. Keep in mind that the school is also interested in the rigor of your high school courses, not grades alone. They will want to see the successful completion of challenging college preparatory classes. Note that admissions standards vary among Louisvilles colleges and programs. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. You can see that the majority of successful applicants had ACT scores of 20  or higher and a combined SAT score of 1000 or higher. Most accepted students had a B or higher high school average. If You Like the University of Louisville, You May Also Like These Schools Purdue UniversityVanderbilt UniversityUniversity of CincinnatiUniversity of Tennessee - KnoxvilleOhio State UniversityIndiana University - BloomingtonSyracuse University All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and University of Louisville Undergraduate Admissions Office.

The Court Of Appeal Court - 1706 Words

The Court of Appeal The Court of Appeal will be tasked with hearing appellate cases from the Appellate Division of the Superior Court. A view expressed by Alcohol (2005) asserts that the Court of Appeal will have the authority to hear appeals in cases that involve criminal prosecution, extradition, juvenile delinquency, corpus, habeas, bail, probation and parole, exclusive original proceeding writ application, interlocutory appeals in criminal and juvenile, and sentencing. The judges for the Puerto Rican Court of Appeal will be selected by the governor from a list qualified persons submitted to him by the Supreme Court Nominating Commission. The justices for the Court of Appeal will serve for a period of four years. The Supreme Court will select one of the judges of the Court of Appeal as the chief judge of the Court of Appeal. Ordinarily, the judges of the Court of Appeal do not conduct trials. They will decide on the appealed case by reading the record of the trial and written briefs filed by the concerned parties, in addition to hearing oral arguments from the attorneys. They would be tasked with researching and reviewing the law involved in the case and proceeds to write an opinion which will be published in bound volumes. The members of the Court of Appeal will be sitting in panels of three at various locations throughout Puerto Rico. Every panel will take up to 30 appeals over a two-day period each month (Florida Courts, 2016; Georgia Courts, 201 6). AppellateShow MoreRelatedThe Appeal Of The Court Of Appeal1195 Words   |  5 Pages OPO v MLA and STL [2014] EWCA Civ 1277 By Klaudia Sabuda The appeal being heard by Lady Justice Arden and others in the Court of Appeal (Civil Division) is the appeal against the decision of the Hon Mr Justice Bean in the Queen s Bench Division of the High Court. Mr. MLA a talented artist who had a very troubled childhood wrote a book (the Work) a semi – autobiography which is based on Mr. MLA s difficult past. The book includes references to the sexual abuse he was a victim of and the mentalRead MoreCourt Appeal1202 Words   |  5 Pages Court Appeal Mr. Recorder Narayan in the Manchester County Court the first time. Court of Appeal (Civil Division) heard this case the second time. Lady Justice Arden and Lord Justice Dyson are the judges that heard this appeal. The decisions were delivered after the facts had been stated and the judges analysis had been stated. Pickfords Limited was the party that brought about this appeal. The party is referred to as the appellant (appeallant, 2013) or the claimant because they broughtRead MoreThe Court Of Appeals Of Maryland1293 Words   |  6 PagesI: Case The Court of Appeals of Maryland Number 69 September Term, 2012. Glenn Joseph Raynor v. State of Maryland. Case number 12-K-08-001527. Argued: April 8, 2014. 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The Virginia Freedom of Information Act (â€Å"VFOIA†) reads, â€Å"all public records shall be open to inspection and copying by any citizen of the Commonwealth † Va.Code Ann.  § 2.2-3704(A). In question isRead MoreThe Court Of Appeals Affirmed The Dismissal1573 Words   |  7 PagesThe Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissal. The court concluded that even though there were â€Å"identical floor areas, number of parking spaces, the provision of a public plaza, the use of public art, and the orientation of the buildings to ensure water views,† many of these were standard features for high-rise developments and could not be protected because they were simply abstract ideas. Furthermore, there were differences between the two designs including the dimensions of a glass roof on theRead MoreCourt Of Appeal ( Civil Division )1106 Words   |   5 Pages Grant v Bragg Anr [2009] EWCA Civ 1228 Court of Appeal (Civil division) Facts: Mr. Grant and Mr. Bragg owned 50% each of the company’s shares. A shareholders agreement which had been drawn up at an earlier time permitted the sale of the shares of one share holder to the other on grounds of long-term illness which prevented work for a period longer than 6 months amongst others. Mr. Grant had been diagnosed with cancer and had been away from the office for more than six months and had agreed toRead MoreCalifornia s Court Of Appeal885 Words   |  4 PagesCalifornia’s Court of Appeal Clarifies Application of anti-SLAPP Statutes to Attorney Malpractice Actions California’s â€Å"anti-SLAPP† statute (codified in Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16) protects the Constitutional rights to freedom of speech and right of petition by subjecting any cause of action that chills these rights to be subject to a special motion to strike. 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Belief Systems And The Spiritual Side Of Their Cultures Essay

On the theme of spirituality, all four ethnic groups have varying belief systems and are connected to the spiritual side of their cultures in different ways. The Amharas are Christians who subscribe to some local beliefs, monotheists believing in the Christian interpretation of God and going to church in a mountain cave over 150 days per year both to solidify their connections with God and to connect with the rest of their communities. The head of their religion is a local priest who acts not only as an intermediary between the Amharas and their spiritual realm, they are also community leaders, acting as guides that the Amharas consult for all their problems. The Lolos Noirs do not subscribe any organized religion, practicing instead ancestral and spirit worship. This belief system is entrenched by the local shaman, a village elder who is entrusted to protect the Lolos Noirs most sacred possession, 2 bronze drums that have been passed on for generations and that are used in religious ceremonies, specifically during funerals and mourning times (not too often for fear of disturbing the revered ancestors). Thus, spirituality not only connects the Lolos Noirs with the spirits and ancestors they worship, it also helps bring them, an already close community, even closer together, bonded over the collective protection of items they regard as sacred. The belief system that the Nyangatoms ascribe to remains unclear, the only system of beliefs or rites of passage mentioned being thatShow MoreRelatedThe Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down By Anne Fadiman1277 Words   |  6 PagesSpirit Catches You and You Fall Down, by Anne Fadiman, is the story of two very different cultures lacking understanding for one another leading to a tragedy due to cultural incompetence. Today in America there are very many different cultures. Health care providers need to be aware of cultural diversity and sensitivity when caring for patients. If a health care provider is not sensitive towards a patient’s culture it can cause a relationship of mistrust to form, lead to barriers in the plan of careRead MoreHeritage Assessment1485 Words   |  6 PagesHeritage Assessment The United States (US) is a multicultural society. People from all over the world reside in the US. There are many customs, religion, values, beliefs, and so forth, in the US. 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High School Career Is The Best Indicator For College...

â€Å"I feel like my GPA shows colleges what I have done over my high school career, it shows I am dedicated.†(collegeusatoday). Says seventeen-year-old Tally Behringer. Many students like Tally wonder which heavyweight matters most to his or her application. The ways a college chooses from among its applicants should reflect its values. A GPA provides the deepest insight into academic ability over time. GPA is the best indicator for college success not SAT and ACT testing scores. Today, colleges are relying more and more on standardized test scores. Schools are using SAT and ACT scores to create a fast and easy way to choose those applicants. â€Å"GPA is better than admission test scores in predicting first-year college GPA, although test scores have incremental predictive validity.† (Sawyer 89). SAT helps demonstrate what you have learned in school and your readiness for college. The test is best for students who favor math and more of an emphasis on vocabulary. 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All of this nightmarish workload is completed just for the opportunity to attend a college of some recognition and ultimately gain a job in the workforce.   Ã‚  Ã‚   I think it can be agreed by all students that nobody enjoys the ludicrous amount of extra studyingRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind1693 Words   |  7 Pagesthe high price of education and the high cost of funding, the country aims to ensure that all public schools in all states achieve quality education. The â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act is America’s law that expanded the role of the federal government in education reform, particularly focused on improving the education of marginalized American students. At the core of this act are various measures in increasing student achievement. 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Flow Past Aerofoil Free Essays

ME2135E Lab Report Flow Past an Aerofoil by LIN SHAODUN Lab Group Date A0066078X 2B 10th Feb 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXPERIMENTAL DATA – TABLE 1, 2, 3 2 GRAPH – ? 4 GRAPH – ? 5 GRAPH – 6 SAMPLE CALCULATION 7 DISCUSSION 8 1 EXPERIMENTAL DATA Table 1: Coordinate of Pressure Tapping Tapping No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Note: Table 2: Pressure Readings Manometer inclination: Pressure Readings Pitot Pressure Static Pressure Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric Temperature Stall angle: At the end of the experiment 474 mm 497 mm 500 mm 29 °C (mm) 0. 0 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Flow Past Aerofoil or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5 5. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (mm) 0. 000 3. 268 4. 443 5. 853 7. 172 7. 502 7. 254 6. 617 5. 04 4. 580 3. 279 0 0. 025 0. 049 0. 098 0. 197 0. 295 0. 394 0. 492 0. 591 0. 689 0. 787 0 0. 032 0. 044 0. 058 0. 071 0. 074 0. 071 0. 065 0. 056 0. 045 0. 032 At the beginning of the experiment 474 mm 497 mm 500 mm 29 °C 2 Manometer Readings at various Tapping 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 478 489 494 501 505 506 506 505 502 501 500 496 478 484 492 498 500 502 502 500 499 499 495 475 478 486 494 497 499 500 498 498 498 493 476 475 480 488 493 495 498 496 496 498 486 540 532 528 522 518 516 514 507 503 502 509 562 550 546 526 522 518 514 508 504 502 495 523 520 520 518 517 516 516 515 515 515 498 516 514 515 516 515 514 514 512 513 514 Table 3: Pressure Coefficients ( ) Free Stream Velocity v v v ( ) Reynolds Number 3 Coefficients at various Tapping 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 -0. 956 -0. 478 -0. 261 0. 043 0. 217 0. 261 0. 261 0. 217 0. 087 0. 043 0. 000 -0. 174 -0. 956 -0. 696 -0. 348 -0. 087 0. 000 0. 087 0. 087 0. 000 -0. 043 -0. 043 0. 783 -1. 087 -0. 956 -0. 609 -0. 261 -0. 130 -0. 043 0. 000 -0. 087 -0. 087 -0. 087 2. 174 -1. 043 -1. 087 -0. 869 -0. 522 -0. 304 -0. 217 -0. 087 -0. 174 -0. 174 -0. 087 -0. 609 1. 739 1. 391 1. 217 0. 956 0. 783 0. 696 0. 609 0. 304 0. 130 0. 087 0. 391 2. 695 2. 74 2. 000 1. 130 0. 956 0. 783 0. 609 0. 348 0. 174 0. 087 -0. 217 1. 000 0. 869 0. 869 0. 783 0. 739 0. 696 0. 696 0. 652 0. 652 0. 652 -0. 087 0. 696 0. 609 0. 652 0. 696 0. 652 0. 609 0. 609 0. 522 0. 565 0. 609 GRAPH ? 3. 0 2. 5 2. 0 1. 5 CPL , CPU against X/C @ 4 ° Cpl 3. 0 2. 5 CPL , CPU against X/C @ 8 ° Cpl Cpu 2. 0 1. 5 Cpu CPL ,CPU CPL ,CPU 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 -1. 5 0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0 . 7 0. 8 0. 9 1. 0 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 -0. 5 X/C -1. 0 -1. 5 0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 X/C 0. 9 1. 0 Area = 0. 437 Area = 0. 813 4 3. 2. 5 2. 0 1. 5 CPL , CPU against X/C @ 12 ° 3. 0 2. 5 CPL , CPU against X/C @ 16 ° Cpl Cpu 2. 0 1. 5 Cpl Cpu CPL ,CPU CPL ,CPU X/C 0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 1. 0 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 -1. 5 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 -1. 5 0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 X/C 0. 9 1. 0 Area = 0. 858 GRAPH ? Area = 0. 729 3. 0 2. 5 2. 0 1. 5 CPF , CPR against Y/C @ 4 ° Cpf Cpr 3. 0 2. 5 2. 0 1. 5 CPF , CPR against Y/C @ 8 ° Cpf Cpr CPF ,CPR 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 CPU ,CPR Y/C 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 Y/C -1. 5 -0. 10 -0. 08 -0. 06 -0. 4 -0. 02 0. 00 0. 02 0. 04 0. 06 0. 08 0. 10 -1. 5 -0. 10 -0. 08 -0. 06 -0. 04 -0. 02 0. 00 0. 02 0. 04 0. 06 0. 08 0. 10 Area = 0. 032 Area = 0. 079 5 3. 0 2. 5 2. 0 CPF , CPR against Y/C @ 12 ° Cpf Cpr 3. 0 2. 5 2. 0 1. 5 CPF , CPR against Y/C @ 16 ° Cpf Cpr 1. 5 C PL ,CPU CPL ,CPU Y/C 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 Y/C -1. 5 -0. 10 -0. 08 -0. 06 -0. 04 -0. 02 0. 00 0. 02 0. 04 0. 06 0. 08 0. 10 -1. 5 -0. 10 -0. 08 -0. 06 -0. 04 -0. 02 0. 00 0. 02 0. 04 0. 06 0. 08 0. 10 Area = -0. 038 GRAPH Area = -0. 053 0. 437 0. 813 0. 858 0. 729 0. 32 0. 079 -0. 038 -0. 053 0. 434 0. 794 0. 847 0. 715 0. 062 0. 191 0. 141 0. 150 0. 439 0. 877 1. 316 1. 755 1. 8 1. 6 1. 4 1. 2 Cl Cd CL , CD against ? CL,CD, 2 1. 0 0. 8 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0. 0 2*Pi*a -0. 2 0. 0 2. 0 4. 0 6. 0 8. 0 ? 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 6 SAMPLE CALCULATION The sample calculation is based on Tapping 2 Table 1: Coordinate of Pressure Tapping Table 3: Pressure Coefficients 1. Air Density at 29 °C ( ) ( ) 2. Free Stream Velocity v v v ( ) 3. Reynolds Number 4. Pressure Coefficient ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 5. Lift and Drag Coefficient 7 DISCUSSION 1. Plot CL and CD against Please refer to Page 6. on the same graph. 2. Compare the experimentally measured CL with the Thin Aerofoil Theory prediction of . Discuss the similarity and discrepancy observed. The graph shows at small attack angle (4 ° and 8 °), the measured Lift coefficient is quite close to theoretical predicted value , this is because at small attack angle, air stream flows along the aerofoil surface smoothly without flow separation, which fulfills the basic assumption of Thin Aerofoil Theory, hence the experimental result matches with theoretical value well. When further increase attack angle, the streamline become highly curved, until at certain angle the streamline is no longer attached to the aerofoil surface and flow separation is occurred, massive turbulence wake appears on aerofoil upper surface, which greatly reduce the lift. At this moment aerofoil is actually â€Å"blocking† the air flow, hence the Lift coefficient is significantly reduced after reach Stall angle, and can no long follow the theoretical predicted value . 3. What would you expect the lift and drag force to be when At , since the 0015 aerofoil is symmetrical, the pressure on upper and lower surface of aerofoil is the same, hence it will not produce any lift force. The of 0015 aerofoil is 0. 0147 at (when Re=80000), so there is small drag force even at 8 4. Does the why. which you have obtained gives the total drag on the aerofoil? Explain Total Drag of aerofoil is contributed by Parasite Drag and Induced Drag, the Parasite Drag is related to , while Induce drag is a byproduct of lift. Induce drag is a drag force occurs when aerofoil redirects the airflow coming at it. Refer to below diagram, the lift force is normal to chord of aerofoil, when decompose the lift force to horizontal and vertical component, the horizontal component , which is in the same direction of drag. 5. Explain from the pressure distribution why there is a lift force. Using as example, the pressure distribution diagram shows the lower surface of aerofoil has lesser pressure drop ? igher pressure, while upper surface of aerofoil has much higher pressure drop, result in lower pressure. The integration of pressure drop along the aerofoil is the area under the curve, which represents force in a unit length of aerofoil, compare the area enclosed for upper and lower surface, we can see the there is a resultant lift force produced. 3. 0 2. 5 2. 0 1. 5 CPL , CPU against X/C @ 8 ° Cpl Cpu CPL ,CPU 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 -1. 5 0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 1. 0 X/C 9 6. Comment on the pressure distribution on the aerofoil when stall is reached. Using as example, when stall angle is reached, the pressure drop of upper surface become insignificant due to massive turbulent wake, hence the lift force is greatly reduce and stall happens. 3. 0 2. 5 2. 0 1. 5 CPL , CPU against X/C @ 16 ° Cpl Cpu CPL ,CPU 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 -1. 5 0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 X/C 0. 9 1. 0 10 How to cite Flow Past Aerofoil, Papers

Councillors And Ratepayers Shire Hastings †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Councillors And Ratepayers Shire Of Hastings? Answer: Introducation An agreement is said to form between two parties when one party makes an offer to another and which is accepted by the other party. The person making an offer is known as an offeror and the one who accepts the offer is known an offeree. But for an agreement to be categorized as a contract, beside an offer and its acceptance, there must also be intention of the parties to be in legal relation, consideration and the capacity of parties. If any of the above components is absent then there cannot be a valid contract. (Gibson Fraser, 2013) Offer is the initial step towards contract formulation. It is the intention of an offer which he communicates to an offeree. An offer is concluded only when it is communicated to an offeree. An offer should be specificlly made to the offeree who can be an individual, a group or entire world and is rightly held in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893). An offer may be written or oral but must compaly with all other elements to make a valid contract. Acceptance Acceptance is when assent upon an offer is made by an offeree. It results in a binding aggrement between the parties. It must be accepted only by that person to whom the offer is made. An acceptance must be before the lapse of an offer and is complete only when it reaches the offeror knowledge (Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgessellschaft mbH (1983)). In case offeree sends his acceptance at his own tersm then the same is counter offer which ends the original offer and is rightly held in Hyde v Wrench, (1843). Consideartion Consideration in a contract is very vital and it implies that when one party makes promise to perform certain task then for such performance it must pay cash or kind. Such benefit which accrues to the performer is known as consideration. Considration may or may not be adequate but same must be sufficient and is held in (Placer Development Ltd v Commonwealth (1969). Legal intnetion Intention to be in legal relation means that the parties who are in contrcat with each other must have the intention to perform the promise and thus their intention must be to be bound by the contract entered by them. In case of social and family realtions such intention is presumed to be absent unless the same is proved (Balfour v Balfour (1919)). Likewise in case of commercial transactions the intention is presumed to be present unless rebutted.(Jones v Padavatton (1969). Capacity Capacity of parties means that the contracting parties must be of sound mind and they must be major, it is then only the contract entered between the parties can be said to be a valid contract. (Clarke, 2012) Preference of kind of contract written or oral An agreement is said to form when an offer is accepted by an offeree. Along with offer and acceptance there must be consideration, intention and capacity to make an enforceable contract. So all agreements can be categorized as contracts but all contracts cannot be termed as agreements. (Graw, 2014) Now, Contracts can be either in written or oral form. Both the written and oral contracts are binding upon the parties. It is upon the parties to choose which form of contract they want to enter into. The validity of an oral contract is discussed in R v Clarke (1927). Oral contracts Oral Contracts are formulated when the parties to contract orally or verbally enter into a transaction between them. Oral contracts are formed vocally or by conduct of the parties and are binding upon the parties if all components of contract are present. (Latimer, 2012). Written contracts Written Contracts are formed between the parties when they reduce the contract in black and white. In this form of contract the parties write down all the terms of a contract and thus put their respective signatures to create a binding contract with each other. Written or oral? In case of a written contract all the terms and conditions are reduced in writing and signed by the parties. So in case of dispute it serves as a valid piece of evidence and it is more trusted and authentic mode of contrcating among the parties. The terms of a written contract being in writing are easily provable in any court of law as it serves as a piece of evidence. When a contarct is in writing the chances and scope of misunderstanding between the parties is less. In case of dispute also the written contrcat has specific procedure written in it which is followed to settle the dispute if it arises.It further clarifies the kind of contrcat the aprties had entered into. It also serves as a valid piece of record and evidence in case of disputs. Also the property transfer or lease contracts are always in written form. (FindLaw, 2017) Thus, a written contract is more validty in law when compared with an oral contarct. However, from the point of view of validty, both, written and oral contract have same sanctity in eyes of law. But from the above discussion and by analyzing the benefits of written contracts over oral contracts, it is preferred that the agreements or contracts must be made in writing as they serve as record and evidence for future reference and in case of misunderstanding between the parties they are easily provable. (FindLaw, 2017) Formal Contract and requirements of a formal contract A formal contract is a contract which is formally made as it should be in writing covering all the terms and conditions decided by the parties to the contract. A formal contract has an advantage that it is valid for a period of twelve years. It is rather different from a written contract as a formal contract has its own set of regulations which are to be followed while formulating it which makes it different from a written contract and is analyzed in BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Limited v President, Councillors and ratepayers of the shire of Hastings (1977). Thus, to make a formal contarct, the main requirements are: (Christensen Duncan, 2009) It must be in writing; It must incorporate all the terms as decided between the parties. It must be signed by the respective parties who are part of contrcat. It must be signed as a deed. In case of formal contrcat even if the consideration is absent then also it is considered to be valid as per law. Thus, with the help of these formalities there are two kinds of formal contracts that can be made: (Harper, 2004) Contract under seal or deed is that formal contract which is signed by the partiesa. Apart from that it must be witnessed by atleast one person then only it is categorised as a valid formal contrcat. Contract of record - These are those formal contrcats which can be eastablished in court with the help of the supporting documents to prove same. As in such cases the intention of the parties is not necessary to prove the validity of a contract. The promise to appear before court or to maintain peace etc, are the few examples of contract of record. Intention to be in legal relation with each other in a contract is must case stud In a contract to be valid there must be an offer, acceptance, consideration, intention of parties and capacity. (Gibson Fraser, 2013) The case study provided deals with intention of the parties to be in legal relation. Intention to be in legal relation means that the parties to a contract must have the intention to be bound by the contract and thus their intention must be to honour the transaction. In case the parties do not have such intention then there is not a valid contract between the parties and is held in Air Great Lakes Pty Ltd v KS Easter (Holdings) Pty Ltd (1989). In case of domestic or family contracts, the intention element is presumed to be absent unless the same is disapproved and is held in Balfour v Balfour (1919). Likewise in case of the commercial transactions there is a presumption that the intention element is present unless disapproved. The case law of Riches v Hogben (1986) states that the basic presumption of absence of intention in socialn contract and presence of intention elament in commercial contracts can be rebutted by laying down the evidence by the parties. In Trevey v Grubb, (1982) it was held that when two parties were sharing a lotery ticket and upon declaration of prize only one party claimed the prize on the basis that they were in friendly relations and thus there is no contract existed upon them is not upheld by the court. The court held that the intention of the parties was to be in a contract and there was intention of the parties to be in legal relation with each other. Application of law As per the facts, each of the friend contributed $2every for the lottery ticket and after winning one of the friends who purchased the ticket refused to share the prize with other friends claiming that the arrangement was purely social. From the facts of the question it is clear that all the friends contributed in order to win the lottery and their intention was to pool in money and win. The person who purchased the ticket was only a mere representative of all friends and thus all friends are entitled for the prize as analyzed in Trevey v Grubb , 1982). As the relation was social but the intention element is still present and thus all the friends will have respective share in prize. Though the relation was social but the same was rebutted and hence the presence of a valid contract between them was established. So all the friends have their right in the prize. Difference between an agent acting on behalf of principal and an independent contractor. In agency relationship, an agent performs work for his principal and the acts of an agent when performed within agency and in due course of business binds the principal. In such cases the acts of an agent are deemed to be acts of the principal and the liability of the acts of agent also falls on the principal. The principal is only liable, if the acts of the agent are within the authority and scope of work assigned to him. In case of personal acts of agent, the principal cannot be held liable. In case of agent transacting with third party then if third party wants to sue the principal for liability then such third party has every right to sue the principal for the acts of an agent. The principal is held liable for the acts of his agent because an agent works under his control and authority and is held in SCOTT V DAVIS, 2000. (The Law Teacher, 2017) In case of independent contractor, the contractor carries out the work and thus is liable for the liability arising there from. The leading case Gaitanis v Nicholas Moss Pty Ltd (2003) also states that when acts are carried over by an independent contrcator then such contrcactor is liable for his acts and not the principal. As an independent contrcator not acts within authority and control of the principal so he is liable for his own acts and the principal cannot be made accountable in such cases.(MCCARTHY, 2004) So in order to fasten the liability of the principal it is necessary to understand the manner in which the person had carried out the task. If it is carried out on behalf then the principal is liable otherwise not. Reference List Christensen Duncan (2009). Sale of Businesses in Australia. Federation Press. Gibson Fraser (2013). Business Law 2014. Pearson Higher Education AU. Graw, S. (2014). An introduction to the law of contract (8th ed.). . Australia: Law Book Co. of Australasia. Harper, M. (2004). The Implied Duty of Good Faith in Australian Contract Law, Volume 11, Number 3 . Latimer, P. (2012). Australian business law (34th ed.) North Ryde: CCH Australia. MCCARTHY, L. (2004). VICARIOUS LIABILITY IN THE AGENCY CONTEXT. Air Great Lakes Pty Ltd v KS Easter (Holdings) Pty Ltd (1989). Balfour v Balfour (1919). BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Limited v President, Councillors and ratepayers of the shire of Hastings (1977). Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgessellschaft mbH (1983). Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893). Hyde v Wrench, (1843). Gaitanis v Nicholas Moss Pty Ltd (2003). Jones v Padavatton (1969). Placer Development Ltd v Commonwealth (1969). R v Clarke (1927). Riches v Hogben (1986). Trevey v Grubb, (1982) Findlaw (2017). Is a verbal agreement legally binding? (online). Available at: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/5626/is-a-verbal-agreement-legally-binding.aspx. Accessed on 20th septemebr 2017. Julie Clarke (2012). Australian Contract Law (online). Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/formation-agreement.html. Accessed on 20th septemebr 2017. The Law Teacher (2017). Contracts made by agents. (online). Available at: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/contract-made-by-agents.php. Accessed on 20th septemebr 2017.